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| ARIZONA |
Arizona State Board of Medical Examiners.
USE OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN
Guideline encourages effective pain management in Arizona, so that physicians reach a level of comfort about appropriate prescribing.
The Board strongly urges physicians to view effective pain management as a high priority in all patients, including children and the elderly. Pain should be assessed and treated promptly, effectively and for as long as pain persists. The medical management of pain should be based on up-to-date knowledge about pain, pain assessment and pain treatment. Pain treatment may involve the use of several drug and non-drug treatment modalities, often in combination. For some types of pain the use of drugs is emphasized and should be pursued vigorously; for other types, the use of drugs is better de-emphasized in favor of other therapeutic modalities. Physicians should have sufficient knowledge or consultation to make such judgements for their patients.
Drugs, in particular the opioid analgesics, are considered the cornerstone of treatment for pain associated with trauma, surgery, medical procedures and cancer. Physicians are referred to the U.S. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Clinical Practice Guidelines as a sound yet flexible approach to the management of these types of pain.
The prescribing of opioid analgesics for other patients with intractable non-cancer pain also may be beneficial, especially when efforts to remove the cause of pain or to treat it with other modalities have been unsuccessful. For the purposes of these guidelines, intractable pain is defined as:
"A pain state in which the cause of the pain cannot be removed or otherwise treated and which in the generally accepted course of medical practice no relief or cure of the cause of the pain is possible or none has been found after reasonable efforts including, but not limited to, evaluation by the attending physician and surgeon and one or more physicians and surgeons specializing in the treatment of the area, system, or organs of the body perceived as the source of the pain."
Therefore, these guidelines are an attempt to communicate to physicians who prescribe opioids for intractable pain not to fear disciplinary action from this Board for prescribing or administering controlled substances in the course of treatment of a person for intractable pain. Also, physicians should use sound clinical judgement, and care for their patients according to the following principles of responsible professional practice:
Statutory ability to develop guidelines
Pursuant to Arizona Revised Statutes §32-1403(A)(3), the Board may develop and recommend standards governing the profession in Arizona. In developing these guidelines, the Board reviewed 18 guidelines developed by other states and agencies(1).
Guidelines for Patient Care when prescribing controlled substances for chronic pain
A) Pain Assessment
Pain assessment should occur during initial evaluation, after each new report of pain, at
appropriate intervals after each pharmacological intervention, and at regular intervals
during treatment. Unless a patient is terminally ill and death is imminent (in which case
the diagnosis is usually evident and diagnostic evaluations may be of little value and
discomforting to the patient), the evaluation should include:
1. Medical history, including the presence of a recognized medical indication for the use of a controlled substances, the intensity and character of pain, and questions regarding substance abuse;
2. Psycho-social assessment, which may include but is not limited to:
a. The patient's understanding of the medical diagnosis, expectations about pain relief and pain management methods, concerns regarding the use of controlled substances, and coping mechanisms for pain;
b. Changes in mood which have occurred secondary to pain (i.e., anxiety, depression); and
c. The meaning of pain to the patient and his/her family.
3. Physical examination, including a neurologic evaluation and examination of the site of pain.
B) Treatment Plan
A treatment plan should be developed for the management of chronic pain and state
objectives by which therapeutic success can be evaluated, including:
1. Pain relief;
2. Improved physical functioning;
3. Proposed diagnostic evaluations (i.e., blood tests, radiologic, psychological and social studies such as CAT and bone scans, MRI and neurophysiologic examinations such as electromyography); and
4. Analysis of inclusion and exclusion criteria for opioid management: Inclusion criteria include: a clear diagnosis has been made, consistent with symptoms; the exploration of all reasonable alternative therapies have been explored; the patient is reliable and communicates well; and there has been informed consent or a treatment agreement signed. Potential exclusion criteria include a history of chemical dependency, major psychiatric disorder, chaotic social situation, or a planned pregnancy.
C) Informed Consent
The physician should advise the patient, guardian, or designated surrogate of the risks
and benefits of the use of controlled substances. The patient should be counseled on the
importance of regular visits, the impact of recreational drug use, the number of
physicians and pharmacies used for prescriptions, taking medications as prescribed, etc.
D) Ongoing Assessment
The assessment and treatment of chronic pain mandates continuing evaluation, and if
necessary, modification and/or discontinuation of opioid therapy. If clinical improvement
does not occur, the physician should consider the appropriateness of continued opioid
therapy, and consider a trial of alternative pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic
modalities.
E) Consultation
The physician should refer patients as necessary for additional evaluation to achieve
treatment objectives. Physicians should recognize patients requiring individual attention,
in particular, patients whose living situations pose a risk for misuse or diversion of
controlled substances. In addition, the prescription of controlled substances to patients
with a history of substance abuse requires extra care, monitoring, and documentation, and
may also require consultation with an addiction medicine specialist. The physician may
also consider the use of physician-patient agreements or contracts that specify the rules
for medication use and the consequences of misuse or abuse.
F) Documentation
The physician must maintain adequate, accurate and timely records regarding items A-E from
above. "Adequate Records," pursuant to A.R.S. §32-1401(2), "means legible
records containing, at a minimum, sufficient information to identify the patient, support
the diagnosis, justify the treatment, adequately document the results, indicate advice and
cautionary warnings provided to the patient, and provide sufficient information for
another practitioner to assume continuity of the patient's care at any point in the
treatment." Specific to chronic pain patients, the documentation should include:
1. The medical history and physical examination;
2. Related evaluations and consultations, treatment plan and objectives;
3. Evidence of discussion regarding informed consent;
4. Prescribed medications and treatments;
5. Periodic reviews of treatments and patient response; and
6. Any physician-patient agreements or contracts.
Compliance with Laws and Regulations
To prescribe controlled substances, physicians must comply with all applicable laws, including the following:
1. Possess a valid current license to practice medicine in the State of Arizona;
2. Possess a valid and current controlled substances Drug Enforcement Administration registration for the schedules being prescribed;
3. If drugs are dispensed from the office, comply with Arizona Revised Statutes §32-1491 et. Seq., and AAC R4-16-201 through R4-16-205.
4. If controlled substances are provided for detoxification, comply with 22 CFR 1306.07(a).